Characteristics Of The Nation State And Transnational Entities

Characteristics Of The Nation State And Transnational Entities The nation is a culture group residing within the territory of the political state. A group of people are considered a nation if (1) they are permanent residents of a defined territory, (2) they exhibit some form of government, (3) they have a common culture, and (4) they declare themselves to be, and are considered by others to be, sovereign. When a group becomes a nation, older loyalties to family or tribe must be subordinated to the new political order, and a common literature, history, and a sense of a common future develop (Walter, 2004). States are independent political unit that claim exclusive jurisdiction over defined territories and over all of the people and activities within them. The governments are not always able to exercise this jurisdiction completely, but states can encourage or even force patterns of human activities to conform the political map. (Rubinstein, Service, Science, , 2002) The continuous growth in size and complexity of societies led people to seek political organization first in clans based on kinship, later in tribes that were collections of clans, and finally in city-states. Around the fifteenth century, city-states gradually began to emerge as nation-states. A nation-state is a specific form of state, which exists to provide a sovereign territory for a particular nation, and derives its legitimacy from that function. In the ideal model of the nation-state, the population consists of the nation and only of the nation: the state not only houses it, but protects it and its national identity. The nation-state did not always exist, and most of the present nation-states are located on territory that once belonged to another, non-national, state. They came into existence at least partly as a result of political campaigns by nationalists. The establishment of a nation-state can be considered the central demand of any nationalist movement. Japan is considered a nation as it has defined territories, government and the residents share a common culture. Moreover Japan traditionally seen as an example of a nation-state and also the largest of the nation states, with population in excess of 120 million. It should be noted that Japan has a small number of minorities such as RyÃ…Â «kyÃ…Â « peoples, Koreans, and Chinese, and on the northern island of HokkaidÃ…Â , the indigenous Ainu minority. However, they are either numerically insignificant (Ainu), their difference is not as pronounced (though Ryukyuan culture is closely related to Japanese culture). Japan is also seen as a state due to the limited authority powers of the Emperor he is seen as a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people. Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people (National Diet of Japan, 2007) The Emperor effectively acts as the head of state on diplomatic occasions. Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan. Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as next in line to the throne. Nation-state in Japan express a shared identity of its own population, it has national symbols, above all a national flag and a national anthem, often a wide range of national emblems. In fact it promotes the Japanese national identity in almost every area of human social and cultural life, from the national library to the national airline. Additionally it attempt to create and maintain national unity, and at least a minimal internal uniformity. Nation states have a cultural policy and a language policy for this purpose, and the educational system is often subordinated to this goal. The desire for uniformity had positive economic effects, because nation-states generally try to reduce internal disparities in income and regional GDP. Most have a regional policy for that purpose. How the United States fits the criteria of and functions as a modern nation-state The United States acts a modern nation-state as it is a sovereign territory as it includes a group of people who want to have their own government; furthermore Territories are geographical areas under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state, Sovereignty means authority to control, Territories are elements of states and we know that the united states of America have 50 states, the United states maintain borders and subdivide their territory for governmental purposes. The common values shared between Americans since the United States was founded in the 18th century, Americans have defined themselves not by their racial, religious, and ethnic identity but by their common values and belief in individual freedom (Friedman, 2008). Goals of American Foreign Policy The goals of U.S. foreign policy can be said to include the following: First, the central goal is to protect the nations physical security. This is a primary goal of every nations foreign policy, but the United States has been more successful in it than most. In fact, since the War of 1812, no foreign armies have occupied the continental United States. In contrast, the nations of continental Europe were overrun twice in the twentieth century and repeatedly in the nineteenth century. However the threat of terrorism may change the state of our security. A second goal is to protect the physical security of the principal allies of the United States. For instance, since World War II, the United States has committed itself to protect the nations of Western Europe through NATO), as well as to protect nations on other continents: Japan, South Korea, and Israel. European Union as a transnational entity: A. Discuss the major events which lead to the establishment of the European Union. From the ideas of establishing sovereign state characterized by a union federation and the association of sovereign member states confederation the main development in Europe was on supranational foundation which is the method of decision-making in multi-national political communities, wherein power is transferred or delegated to an authority by governments of member states, this was carried out to to make war unthinkable and materially impossible (Fontaine, Europejskie, 2003), the most important events which lead to the establishment of the European Union were the foundation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1952, which was included six nations acted like an international organization serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and create the foundation for the modern-day developments of the European Union. The ECSC was the first organization to be based on the principles of supranationalism, later The Treaties of Rome were signed on 25 March 1957, by The S ix countries, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. The first Treaty established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the second Treaty established the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom). They were the first international organizations to be based on supranationalism, after the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) established a few years prior. Later two new communities were created separately from ECSC, The executives of the new communities were called Commissions, as opposed to the High Authority. The EEC would develop a customs union between members and Euratom would integrate sectors in nuclear energy. In 1973 the European Union started to witness expansion to include new member states. This process began with the Inner Six, who founded the European Coal and Steel Community (the EUs predecessor) in 1952. In 1992 Maastricht Treaty was signed on February 7th which established the European Union when it came into effect on 1 November 1993 became effective; since then, the EUs membership has grown to twenty-seven with the most recent expansion to Bulgaria and Romania in 2007. B. Major institutions and nations which forms the European Union. The European Union is composed of 27 sovereign Member States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. C. The contemporary function of the European Union. The function of the European Union (EU) is to enable closer relations between the member states. This is in order to make the most of the collective abilities of the member states, for example free trade, freedom of movement, freedom of job choice. It enables a lot of the beaucracy that used to be involved with those issues to be by passed. The EU was also formed as a counter balance to the position of the United States as the only global super power. The E.U does not belong to specific country, each member state has a say in the running of the EU. The EU was formed mainly out of need for stability in Europe after the Second World War, and was a product of firstly economic agreements, which still form the main basis of todays EU. E. Describe two examples of foreign policy objectives for the European Union. The first objective of the EU is to use a decisive diplomacy to be a key player in international issues ranging from global warming to the conflict in the Middle East. The basis for the EUs common foreign and security policy (CFSP) remains soft power: the use of diplomacy backed where necessary by trade, aid and peacekeepers to resolve conflicts and bring about international understanding. The second objective is to have governments in charge, foreign and security policy is one area where essential authority remains with EU governments, although the European Commission and, to a lesser extent the European Parliament, are associated with the process. Key decisions are taken by unanimous vote. Analyze how nation-states and transnational entities engage in foreign policy to achieve their interests. Analyze how nation-states and transnational entities engage in foreign policy to achieve their interests analyze the consequences of this interaction for international politics. Nation-states interests basically shapes the foreign policy of a nation, as the Nation-states needs; for instance when development is needed in the economical section the foreign policy of that nation changes to meet the needs for nation-state objectives therefore it starts to establishing or maintaining good relationship with other nations to enhance trade business. Taking the United States as an example; the United States signed the North American free trade agreement (NAFTA) on January 1st 1994. Linking the US, Canada and Mexico. Another example is when Americans felt the lack security after September 11th attacks; the foreign policy of Unites States lunched war on terror which involved in a war against extremists in Afghanistan and another war to disarm Iraq from the possessing alleged weapons of mass destruction, Similarity the EU nation-state which represent the interest of all EU countries by shaping the foreign policy to maintain the peace in Europe and the efforts to reduce global warming. In conclusion the development of national states has been of vital importance in the modern world. Principally, the loyalties and beliefs of nationalism have been motivating forces in the organization of complex, technological societies in the urban-industrial period. They have also been important forces in establishing and maintaining international antagonisms.

Social Media Affecting Lives

Social Media Affecting Lives There is no doubt that social media is expanding drastically in the world, yet this change is not only related to technology and the internet. Social Media is revolutionizing every aspect of our lives. The aim of this document is to summarize some of the important headlines mentioned in the conference that took place in the â€Å"American University of Beirut† on Friday, December 16, 2011. The conference went over how social media is changing fields such as education, culture, business, media and journalism, music and art, NGOs, politics, religion, human rights, science, the environment and the personal lives of everyone who is using them. The conference has gathered some remarkable influencers from the Arab Community; it was rich in the speakers and topics discussed. One of the speakers was the British Ambassador to Lebanon, Tom Fletcher, who began his discussion by stating that social media can play a big role in highlighting and challenging human rights abuses. His main points were: 1. Marc Zuckerberg and Steve jobs have impacted people more than did Georges Bush and Osama Bin Laden 2. Social media can be used to get people’s voices heard as they travel must faster online. 3. It can also be used to support the values we believe in versus the forces that oppose those values. This can all be done through social media, and he also discussed that no matter what the boundaries the government put on the internet and tries to manipulate and suppress people, internet always tends to overpass these boundaries. Quote: â€Å"if you pull a wall around our internet, we’ll build another internet around your wall†. During Tom Fletcher’s discussion, the number of active participants who were online in the hall was remarkably noticed. Attendees were able to interact with the speaker as well with other attendees through screens showing live twitter feeds. To Tom Fletcher, the number of people playing with their mobile devices was a welcome sign of engagement rather than disengagement. Another speaker of the day was a Marketing instructor from the AUB, Mrs. Leila Khawli Hanna. She discussed that consistency is the main key when using social media. Twitter has become a pre-requisite for one of her courses; she states that as we develop in our humanity, we meet a lot of people who are somehow shy in engaging or defending their opinions. Mrs. Hanna faces this issue in her daily classes at the university and thus came up with a way to include a screen (with the class page opened) in her class that shows live feeds from the learners. For her, twitter has been proven to intensely improve learners’ participation; even if certain learners were absent on the lecture’s day, they were still able to follow the lecture through tweeting. This has opened a way to increase the interaction whether between her and her learners or between the learners themselves. She communicates a difference between people who follow a management with a digital strategy and those with a social strategy. * Digital strategy Tackles Company will tail * Social strategy Tackles people increases sales, performance, etc†¦ by connecting people together. It creates a community that takes the offline and put it online. Doing it that way will sometimes increase outputs, means and performance. Social media can be risky (having data constantly online available for unethical behaviors), therefore consistency is very important. Some other points of the day: * Farid Chehab from Leo Burnett MENA tackled the impact of social media on activism, stating that while social networks are good at initiating & supporting public causes and mobilizing people, it proves less efficient in the long term. This view was echoed during the Social Media in Business panel. The panel placed great emphasis on the positive impact of social media on businesses, it warned however of â€Å"one time hit† (social media campaigns) versus maintained success and stressed the difficulty of continuous engagement with customers. Nevertheless, Farid Chehab followed the online community and published his book on the web (www. pari-rihan. org) for those readers who, having a book in the hand is not a pleasant thing. Ziad Kamel, founder and CEO of the Alleyway group talked about the impact of social media in Food/Beverage business. Before social media, 1 unhappy customer tells 7 people. After social media, 1 unhappy customer tells infinity of people. * Yorgui Keyrouz, founder and action president of â€Å"Donner Sang Compter† organization also discussed the way he uses the social media to spread the word for needed blood. He stated that after going online, his organization was able to help in saving people’s lives more than they ever imagine they would. Some statistics from the day: * 27. 3 million users on Facebook * 1. 9 million user on Twitter * 100 million viewed youtube videos every day * 77% of Facebook users have liked a brand through FB * 50% received customer service via Twitter At the end, social media is here to stay so better use it and benefit from it in a way to increase the volume of the different aspects in our lives, as this volume is diminishing in the real world. Quote: â€Å"If you’re not on social media, you don’t exist. †

SOUTHEASTERN COMMUNITY COLLEGE V. DAVIS Case analysis/ critique - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1105 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? SOUTHEASTERN COMMUNITY COLLEGE V. DAVIS, 1979 CASE CRITIQUE 1 Southeastern Community College v. Davis, 1979 Case Critique Name Institution Southeastern Community College v. Davis, 1979 Case Critique Title: Southeastern Community College v. Davis (1979) Southeastern Community College is the petitioners and Davis is the respondent. Facts In 1979, Davis, who suffers from a serious hearing disability, made an application to trained as a registered nurse at the Southeastern Community College. Southeastern Community College is a state institution that receives Federal funds from the government. Davis was enrolled in the College Parallel program of Southern Community College between 1973 and 1974, with hopes that she would progress to Southeastern Associate Degree Program to train as a registered nurse. During the interview, it was evident that Davis experienced difficulties in understanding the presented questions. On inquiry, she admitted that she had suffered hearing problems and that she depended on hearing aid. An audiologist from Duke University Medical Center was requested to examine Davisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ problem. Results indicated that Davis was suffering from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bilateral, sensori-neural hearing loss (Supreme Court of the United States, 1979).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The doctor recommended a change in her hearing aid. The hearing aid could not however allow her to communicate effectively and she had to rely so much on lip-reading skills for effective communication. Southeastern Community College denied Davis a chance to train as a registered nurse explaining that her hearing problems would not allow her to contribute fully to the requirements of the training program and that she could not take good care of patients as the dictated by nursing profession. Davis therefore decided to file a case against Southeastern Community College in Federal District Court. Davis claimed that Southeastern Community College had violated section 504 of 1973 Rehabilitation Act by denying her a place at the College. Davis however lost the case and she was never given an opportunity to study as a trained nurse at Southeastern Community College (Hall and Marsh, 2003). Issue (s) The major issue facing the Court was whether or not Southeastern Community College had discriminated against an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“otherwise handicapped individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by denying Davis a chance to study as a trained nurse in the College. More particularly, was the Southeastern Community College supposed to consider Davisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ academic qualifications and ignore her disability? Was the College supposed to accept Davis then make a change in its academic programme in order to accommodate her? Did Southeastern Community College reject her application by viewing her status as a sign of complete inability? Could Davis meet the requirements of nursing programme in spite of her communication problems? Southeaster n Community College argued that Davisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ status could not allow her to effectively learn all the requirements of a trained nurse even if the program was changed to cater for her bilateral, sensory-neural hearing incapacity. On the other hand, Davis felt that the Southeastern Community College had violated the legal provisions governing students with disability, and proposed that she was supposed to be allowed a chance at the college in spite of her physical status because met the programmeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s academic requirements (Supreme Court of the United States, 1979). Decision (s)/Holding (s) The Court upheld that Southern Community College was not compelled by law to make a change it its academic program by providing aids on oral communication to allow Davis who suffers from a bilateral sensori-neural hearing loss to be included in the nursing program. According to the Court, Southeastern Community College decided to deny her a chance to study as a trained nurse because, based on her status, it was unlikely that Davis could benefit from any changes in the program. The Court maintained that academic institutions have all the freed to require physical qualifications for admission into clinical training programs (Hall and Marsh, 2003). Legal Doctrine (s) The court makes its decision based upon the legal statement of section 504 of Rehabilitation Act of 1973 that concerns students with disabilities. In section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, it is declared that , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ No otherwise qualified individual with a disabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, shall solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Hall and Marsh, 2003, p. 216)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The term of this section indicates that possession of handicap should not make educational institutions that a student is unable to function in academic context (Mayerson, 2007). However, this does not mean that a student must not meet the institutional physical requirements in order to be considered à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“otherwise qualified.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Such a student should not be seen as one who can meet all the program requirements in spite of his or her handicap (Supreme Court of the United States, 1979). By refusing to change academic program to meet the needs of Davis, Southeastern Community College was seen to observe institutional laws but it did not illegally discriminate against Davis who is disabled. In the case, Southeastern Community College testified that the main goal of its program was to train nursing students who met all the physical requirements of the course and who could serve the nursing profession all customary ways. The Court also made its judgement based on the requirement of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 that dictates that this law should no t compel the Southeastern Community College to begin the action of providing oral communication assistance, such as by giving Davis individual supervision as she directly attends to patients or by redesigning the nursing program that can help her meet the full requirements of a licensed registered nurse. Significance The above described case is highly significant to the study of Technical Education and Law. From the ruling, career and technical administrators can learn how to deal with employees with disabilities. They should not discriminate against any disabled employee who is able to perform essential functions of a profession. In addition, they should only allow disabled students into an academic program so long as the students are able to learn the indispensable requirements of the course and put them into practice without much physical hindrance (Rothstein, 2010). Based upon this case, career and technical administrators can restrict the number of disabled students admit ted into the technical programs provided they act by the law of their institutions (Hall and Marsh, 2003, p. 216). References Hall, B. Marsh, R. (2003). Legal Issues in Career and Technical Education. Illinois: American Technical Publishers, Inc. Mayerson, A. (2007). Disability Rights Law: Roots, Present Challenges, Future Collaboration. Journal of Poverty Law and Policy, 41 (6): 265-270. Rothstein, L. (2010). Higher Education and Disability Discrimination: A Fifty Year Retrospective. Journal of College and University Law, 36 (3): 1990-1998. Supreme Court of the United States. (1979). Southeastern Community College v. Davis: United States. Retrieved, April 20 2014, from https://www.animallaw.info/cases/causfd99sct2361.htm Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "SOUTHEASTERN COMMUNITY COLLEGE V. DAVIS Case analysis/ critique" essay for you Create order

Abortion Pro and Con Essay - 1214 Words

Abortion: Pro and Con In a pluralistic culture of unwanted pregnancy, there exists a contradiction between a relative sense of morality and the democratic ideal of free choice. Aristotle provided the first written record of this irresolvable contradiction in his book Politics, saying, When couples have children in excess, let abortion be procured before sense and life have begun; what may or may not be lawfully done in these cases depends on the question of life and sensation. (1) The controversy has always consisted of two sides: Pro-Lifers, who believe that abortion is morally wrong and should not be allowed, and Pro-Choicers, who support the womans right to choose the outcome of her pregnancy in all cases. There is also†¦show more content†¦If these aborted fetuses are capable of developing in the same way as babies who have been carried to term, it would seem that both groups are equally human. I think Im safe in saying that most Americans, whether Pro-Choice or Pro-Life, object to infant icide, so, by this logic, they should be equally opposed to abortion. * Breast Cancer Link - Several researchers believe they have found a link between abortion and breast cancer. They claim this is due to the buildup of estrogen that occurs during pregnancy and is normally released after birth or miscarriage. In the event of an abortion however, the high level of estrogen is maintained, thereby increasing the womans risk of breast cancer. Fetal Awareness - Certain studies have demonstrated that aborted fetuses have been heard to cry from as early as 21 weeks and some doctors believe that distress can be felt as early as 13 weeks. Many abortions may even cause pain for the fetus. Pro-Choice Arguments * Womens Rights - Some Pro-Choicers see the ability to choose whether or not to have an abortion as the single most important right a woman can have. They see legal restrictions on abortion as a serious blow to the role of women in society. * Fetus as Lump of Tissue - Beause the fetus is entirely dependant on its mother for support, it is not really a living entity, but merely a lump of tissue that belongs to the mother. Therefore, the fetus has no human rights, and theShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Abortion1413 Words   |  6 Pagesevident that the topic of abortion is very controversial. Many people have been asking themselves the same question for many years now, do you think abortion is ethical? Abortion has been a heated argument amongst citizens, political activists, and several religions all across the world. Those who are against abortion are known as pro-life and argue that abortion is wrong because it kills human life. On the other hand, there are people who are in favor of abortion are known as pro-choice. 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